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Global oil refineries play a crucial role in the energy sector by converting crude oil into various usable products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and petrochemical feedstocks. These facilities form the backbone of modern industries and transportation systems, providing the energy that powers vehicles, homes, and factories worldwide. As of 2024, there are over 700 operational refineries globally, with the largest capacities concentrated in regions like North America, Asia-Pacific, and the Middle East. The United States, China, and India are home to some of the most significant refining hubs, reflecting their substantial energy demands and strategic positioning in global trade. Modern refineries employ advanced technology to improve efficiency, reduce emissions, and adapt to stringent environmental regulations. Upgrading units, such as hydrocrackers and desulfurization plants, are increasingly common as refineries shift to producing cleaner, low-sulfur fuels to meet international standards. Geopolitics and market dynamics significantly influence the refinery landscape.